Cloze Reading (Reading for Detail Strategy)

Do you remember how much you used to love word search puzzles? I say that knowing full well that some of us--including me--still get a kick out of word searches. My great-grandmother (who's in her 90s) swears the word search keeps her young.

It's a mundane, rote activity, isn't it? Completing a word search doesn't require the kind of soul searching that crosswords do. After all, the answers are already there. All we have to do is use our own special search method, a method each of us has developed in his own way over the years, and then the words magically appear. It's beautiful. The word search is the "Where's Waldo" of the language world.

Cloze Reading works like a word search designed to support reading comprehension. The what and why of Cloze Reading is simple:

A Cloze Reading Activity is a paragraph or list of statements left with empty blanks where key words must go. Students are given a reading task (fiction or nonfiction) and its matching cloze reading activity to review PRIOR to reading the assigned excerpt. Then, as students read, they discover the key words that must be placed on each blank to "cloze" (lol) the open spaces (complete the cloze activity sensibly).

This method has been used a number of ways. You can find cloze passages that focus on conjugation for grammar, major events and dates for history, characterization for literature... the list goes on and on. The only limit imposed by cloze reading is that you must often create the passage you need.

Don't be intimidated; you're already a word search star. ;)

Here's how cloze reading could lighten the load in your classroom: 

First, reading is immediately rewarded with a developing product. Students often rebel against reading in class because it produces no immediate fruits; they can be left feeling uncertain about whether or not they are "getting" what they are supposed to be "getting." With cloze reading, students can tell whether or not they are on the right track because the key word blanks are specific to obvious concepts in the reading material. This is also why you must often create your own cloze reading activities according to what your students are reading; the key words MUST SYNC in logical ways that the students can comprehend. When the activity is well written and aligned with reading material, your students will feel a sense of accomplishment as they "discover" each key word, the same sense you feel when you find word search clues.

Second, cloze reading is easy to grade. After a student completes a cloze passage, the marking is as simple as reading through to be sure the appropriate key words were chosen. Some cloze reading activities even provide a word bank so that students know whether or not a word is an option for filling in a blank; that narrows the scope of answers even more which leads to MUCH EASIER GRADING.

Third, cloze reading activities are great study tools. Once the passage is all filled in, the student has a summary of the reading assignment in his hand. You could grade it and assign a numerical value, or you could check it off as an in-class activity and send it home with the child for study. Either way, after it's completed and recorded, the cloze passage becomes a great way to quickly review lengthy texts; it can be used as a reference for class discussion; it can be used as a cheat sheet for essay writing. In every way that a child could use a summary, he could use his cloze reading work.

You don't have to take my word for it. Try cloze reading just once.

I won't ask you for the investment required in creating an original activity just yet. Find one online, make some copies and distribute the passage and cloze reading activity together. Watch your students turn reading into the fun-and-games word search process we know so well and love. Then come back and tell me about it.

I love forward to hearing about the attitudes of the students and how you felt when the process was over.

Here's one of my originals, just in case you don't feel like trolling through search engine results:
Cloze Reading on the Rise of Humanism
(The reading assignment is in a textbook, so I can't post that. Sorry!)

Puzzles and Pencil Toppers,

-Ms. Moss

Collaborative Pairs

"Collaborative Pairs" is fancy terminology for a classroom where turn-and-talk is encouraged. If you're a teacher who is already nervous about classroom management, collaborative anything makes you cringe and feel sickly. I understand your concerns, but I hope to suggest to you some ideas that might help you yield more of your class time to pair work.

The what and why of Collaborative Pairing is simple enough, but it may not be as simple as it sounds. 

When teachers establish collaborative pairs, these are often permanent pairings where students are partnered according to their strengths and social inclinations. For example, a very shy student might be paired with a very outspoken student to allow that pair an opportunity to balance each other socially in classroom discussion. Or, a strong reader might be paired with a weaker reader who is a stronger writer. These selected pairings are changed according to the teachers' discretion (once a quarter, once every two weeks, etc).

In a more flexible collaborative pairs application, the teacher may switch pairings as often as he or she switches activities. This can be done using the count off method (1-2-1-2) or random name selection, etc.

The MOST IMPORTANT THING is to plan lessons that complement and require collaborative pairing.

What does it mean to plan a lesson that complements and requires collaborative pairing?

In short, your lesson must be structured for two students to engage themselves in challenging, thought-provoking conversation as you teach. In addition, that conversation should result in a print or non-print product that demonstrates students' understanding of and participation in the taught concepts.

You must be comfortable with timing interactions ("Turn and talk for 60 seconds..."), student independence and yielding the power of the classroom to the children. You must also be comfortable with arranging your classroom in such a way that you can walk around the room and monitor conversations and notes for focus and appropriateness.

You must be willing to change. ;)

It sounds daunting, but this can make you and your students' classroom lives better!

First, research has proven that students listen to each other much more readily and intensely than they listen to us. It's a fact of life. As a result, when you're up teaching physical change and you ask pairs to discuss and note (in 60 seconds) the various ways that physical change can be seen in nature, there's a greater probability that those two students' discussion of physical change will be retained. Then, when you have pairs share their answers with other pairs and note those, that's a second level of discussion and notation which (through repetition and socialization) will lead to even greater retention. You're really making bacon when you turn the paired discussion into whole group discussion and emphasize the strongest examples on the board for whole group consideration.

Second, having a partner can make detailed reading tasks (no matter their length) much less intimidating to all students. Though some strong readers prefer to read alone, those are often the students who also like to discuss what they have read--and how they understood it--with others. Weaker readers will have peer support as you circle the room and provide tertiary support. Thus, with the use of guiding questions and the right pairings, students become each other's best resources and you become the consultant, the last person to be called when neither child can find the resolution. You will get much more contact time with each child than you would if you were standing at the front of the room answering questions by the raising of hands.

Some kids don't even raise their hands when they have questions. A moving teacher is more accessible via "Excuse me..."

Third, class notes and written reflections will be more thorough because students will have had the opportunity to dialogue about their thoughts and consider alternative viewpoints. Even as adults, we achieve growth by talking to other professionals about what we think, what we choose, and how those thoughts and choices might affect our immediate or future selves. You're reading this blog because you're thinking about whether or not you should try this collaborative pairs thing, and I'm providing for you some insight on why you might consider it. Though students are not core subject instructors, they can be independent thinkers, and they can provide for each other insights that otherwise might never be revealed. Not even we, the teachers, can inspire some of those Aha! moments. Only another child can spur on certain revelations for certain children.

You don't have to believe me. Just try this for yourself! I don't recommend a cold turkey implementation. There's a lot of information on planning for collaborative pairs classes, activities you can use and assessments you can assign in the paired format. Read up on the process first, choose the activities you like, and then give it a shot.

I promise you'll appreciate the experience if nothing else, and your students will be engaged in the day's concepts in a way that only pairing can provide.

Teacher Circles and Citations,

-Ms. Moss

Formula Writing (of the ELA variety)

Before you start yelling at me (in all caps, of course) just hear me out. We've all experienced the following scenario.

You assign a writing pre-assessment for your course, or a major writing assignment for summative assessment, and you get the blank stares and raised hands.

The most frightened kids say, "I don't even know where to start!"

The perfectionists say, "Oh my God! It's not enough time!"

The procrastinators say, "Piece of cake." Then they doodle for the first fifteen minutes.

The one or two competent writers in the class start planning. They are the self-starters because they have so much experience with reading and writing outside of class. They are comfortable with universal formats. In their bustling little brains, they have already determined the exact starting point. They know the tone they want to exert. They know the way they are going to hook you--the reader--and keep your attention.

These students, whether we are willing to admit it or not, have internalized writing formats.

The what and why of formula writing is (honestly) more simply said than taught:

Formula writing instruction is the process of teaching students generic steps for developing varying types of paragraphs. You might teach five introductory formats (actual steps with flexible opening phrases) for four different types of writing: narrative, argumentative, informative, expository. In addition, you would teach some basic body paragraph development steps with flexible phrasing. Then, you would teach a number of conclusory formats.

Why teach formulas? Because no matter how much we wish they would, some students--no matter how much you teach writing--will never feel comfortable creating original writing without a framework from which to begin.

Formula writing is actually quite natural.

The reason you and I don't need formula writing instruction is clear. Our most frequently used formulas were embedded in us early enough to mature and evolve into what looks like free-flowing structure. We are teachers because we have both natural and nurtured inclinations for adopting and adapting frameworks.

This could have happened in a number of ways. Maybe your parents read to you as a child, and so you learned beginnings, middles and ends years before your students might have learned how to read. Perhaps you learned to love non-fiction in middle school, so you began to read newspapers, magazines and articles, exposing yourself to commonly used non-fiction structures. Like a computer would, you downloaded the software, the bones of the process, and you began to mimic the flow, fleshing out your ideas on the bones of a carcass (so to speak).

Here's how formula writing could make you and your students very happy.

First, formula writing makes writing a functional structure that just needs tweaking. Many students hate writing and the very idea of having to write because they believe they are starting with nothing. In truth, all writers start with something. They have favorite ways of introducing concepts, favorite transitions and favorite closing statements. When you reveal to your students that we all work with structures that we tweak, they see a starting point. They see a wire frame upon which to "clay" their ideas. This relieves anxiety for students who consider themselves poor writers.

Second, formula writing teaches students how to organize their thoughts. Many of our children are afraid to put pen to paper because their thoughts are circling in their heads in a monsoon-like limbo. When you provide them with a framework of organization, suddenly those thoughts have pegs upon which they can be hung. A student who previously wrote a paper totally off-topic and out of focus can suddenly become coherent because you've helped him organize his thinking into digestible bites.

Third, formula writing ALWAYS gets to the point. Your confident but verbose writers will be restrained by writing methodologies that have always favored logic, brevity and support. Your new writers will learn the importance of supporting ideas with reasons and source information. You won't have to worry about reading a paper on milk that focuses entirely on the making of yogurt.

The complicated part is finding the formulas you support. 

Look around online for writing formats that include three or four steps to complete an introduction, three or four steps to complete a body paragraph, three or four steps to complete a conclusion, and choose THREE OR FOUR EXAMPLES OF EACH that you think students could use interchangeably to be more brilliant on paper. If you have no idea what I'm talking about, here are some of mine as examples:

Building a Successful Intro
Incorporating Research into Body Paragraphs 
Call to Action Conclusion

I have some other formula steps for paragraph types if you would like to view them, but there are hundreds online. Choose and adapt what you find is appropriate. Also, you should feel free to read some of the authors you believe are chiefest among all authors and extract their structures. You will see that many of them use the same bones already: similar lead-in styles, similar development styles, similar transitions.

You don't have to believe me. Just try formula writing instruction ONCE, even if you only use it in tutoring. I promise you will see immediate improvement and you will save yourself some headache.

Mousepads and Magic Markers,

-Ms. Moss

Triangulated Texts

K-12 teachers, let's be honest with each other. Teaching kids can be terribly boring. This is especially true when you find yourself teaching and re-teaching the same topics, the same way, for many years because of circumstances beyond your control.

I'll go a step further to say something a bit controversial. Teaching K-12 can make you stupid.

Before you started teaching, you were a living encyclopedia of all sorts of scholarly and social topics. You were younger, sprier, wittier, more entertaining. You felt almost invincible in your personal brilliance. You oozed confidence. You, my dear, were a star.

This is not me suggesting that you are any less of a star today. I am merely saying that teaching rote knowledge repetitively--especially in a teach-to-the-test environment--can make you horribly dimwitted.

You start to forget things you could recite in your sleep when you began. You get out of touch with modern criticisms of classic texts because you're too busy grading rewrites. You lose your favorite teaching resources. You become tired.

Here's where an old teaching strategy that was recently given a fancy name can help you and your students be happier campers.

The what and why of triangulated text use is simple:

Instead of lecturing, you become a pre-researcher for your students. You select a number of print and non-print sources that you will submit to students (either student groups or individuals), and then THEY become secondary researchers, using the sources you provided to gather new knowledge.

Teachers often provide guiding questions with each piece of text to make sure that students are gathering the right materials for concept discussion.

Here's why text triangulation is good for you and your students: 

First, you get to be the researcher and reader that you so love to be. Lesson planning needn't become something you dread doing. Rather, it can be an opportunity for you to refresh and even rethink concepts you're teaching from the students' perspective. As you gather the texts you will submit to your students and plan guiding questions, you will reconnect to the student in you, which is good for career longevity.

Second, your students become researchers who are not bound by the availability (or lack thereof) of technology. As much as we love computers that operate at warp speed, some schools only have two slow computers in each classroom. Some schools only allot one computer per teacher. Some schools barely have a copier. When you provide your students with printed sources and research questions, you can teach the same skills of citing sources and searching the text without worrying about whether or not the Net will be down today.

Third, learning becomes an independent investment. Suddenly you are the facilitator and not the preacher to a captive audience. Instead of exerting so much teaching energy, you can walk the room and become an assistant to your children as they weave themselves through the concept. You can spend time meeting students' needs according to their reading abilities also because you are not the center of attention.

In short, you can teach one text in twenty minutes, or your kids can search five texts in twenty-five minutes with the right pre-research and planning. You come away looking like the genius you are and the students are one step closer to being more like you. Also, you will have provided the children with a number of schema related to the concept, which leads to more retention.

You don't have to believe me. Just try it ONCE. Instead of lecturing for thirty minutes on the Civil War, give your students one Civil War letter, one Civil War poem, one Civil War news article, one excerpt of a Civil War short story and a 10-minute Civil War Youtube video. Pre-plan the guiding questions for each text (print and non-print) and establish your grouping preferences (individual, pairs, etc). Then, turn them loose and walk the room.

Listen to the conversations, engage yourself in their thinking processes, and I promise you that you will fall in love with teaching again in a way you never thought you would. Try, just ONCE.

Primary Sources and Promethean Boards,

-Ms. Moss

Rubrics

Our more seasoned teachers are grading wizards. After ten, fifteen, twenty years of marking, they can look at a piece of paper and give you a letter grade in ninety seconds. They can feel it out. The force is with them.

Twenty years ago, teachers were the kings and queens of their own islands after all. We graded according to our consciences and set standards independently for each of our classrooms. Teacher A at the end of hallway C could be a hard-nosed, foot-to-the-fire instructor while Teacher B at the end of hallway D could be party-time Patrick.

It is not so anymore. Not only must we all grade according to common standards; we must also be able to justify every single grade we give. Parents and students know this. At any given moment, a child--one of our beautiful, innocent lights of the future--could walk up to you and say: "You need to grade this over because I KNOW I didn't just get a D."

Depending on the area you work in and the disciplinary structure of your school, you might even get a few cuss words with the request.

So how can we save ourselves some of the headache that accompanies grading disputes?

Rubrics are the way.

Here's a brief summary of what a rubric is and why it is used. 

A rubric is a scoring tool that is often a table. It can be either landscape or portrait. One axis is labeled with scoring criteria. For example, you might score a speech according to poise, vocal quality, content and grammar. The other axis is labeled with point values (numerical or quality). If your best speech is a "4," score possibilities might be 4, 3, 2, 1 or 0.

The inner boxes of the grid provide characteristics of what a great, good, average or poor piece of work contain. Feel free to pull up ANY example of this table style of rubric via google.

Here's an example of the table style rubric that I created--for free--at Rubistar.

There are also prose style rubrics (my particular favorite) which simply give characteristics and ascribe points to each one. These may look like a bulleted list.

Here's one of my prose style rubrics that I like to use for grading older students' book reports.

Here is why rubric-use makes your teacher life easier. 

First, you can use standard rubrics that have already been designed to grade your assignment types. There are already hundreds of rubrics designed to score essays, speeches, presentations of many kinds, etc. If you find one that fits your marking style, you can simply adopt it and credit the writer.

Second, you can alter an existing rubric to fit your grading needs. I know you already have a list of favorite assessment types, formative and summative. Just adopt and adapt rubrics that you can use--over and over--to mark the work. If you ever decide you need to lighten up or buckle down in certain areas, you just change the point values a little.

Third, you can write or create your own rubric. You don't have to do this, but you might like it. Rubistar is an excellent resource for creating your own rubric since they have preloaded criteria and descriptions you can use to make your own table style rubric. In just a few moments, you have a professional quality marking tool that can be copied (on half sheets) and distributed to students prior to assigning tasks.

You can also write the prose style rubric (like the book report one linked above). Just bear in mind that the prose style rubric is an "all or nothing" mastery driven tool. If you're a more sympathetic marker, you might prefer the table style which is holistic and more like a sliding scale.

Depending on the students' ages, you might only need to distribute one copy of each kind of rubric and place point values on the actual marked papers. That will save you copy time, cost and resources.

Don't just take my word for it. Try ONE rubric for yourself. Then, when Suzie or Sammy comes up to ask why you GAVE HIM a C, you can run down the point values and provide actual descriptions for how you scored each required element.

Chalkboards and Shenanigans,

-Ms. Moss

SQ3R: A Reading Comprehension Strategy

Have you heard this acronym: SQ3R? If not, here's a quick summary of what it means and why it's used.

SQ3R is a pneumonic device for the steps of a reading comprehension process: Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review. The strategy is based on a reading practice suggested by Francis Pleasant Robinson in a book entitled Effective Study (1946), and it encourages students to read, notate and self-quiz as they examine new texts.

What exactly is this strategy about? It teaches children to complete five steps during reading assignments.

1) Survey: Look at headings (titles, subtitles), captions, charts, graphs, review questions, study guides and summaries first. Just look them over and determine what the point of the reading might be.
(You can have them write down a main idea sentence or discuss this aloud.)

2) Question: Students will convert the headings (titles, subtitles) into questions they can answer while reading. They will record what you might have said about the reading and note questions about that. They can write down questions about the subject for which they already know the answers.

3) Read: While reading, students will begin to answer the questions they wrote in step two. This can also include answering questions that you assigned in a study guide and/or questions from the text itself.  Vocabulary and other bolded concepts should be noted during reading.

4) Recite: Students should say to themselves or to each other (or to you) what they actually learned as a result of S, Q and R. This is a great place for you to add in some interaction.

5) Review: Students are constantly reviewing their reading and notes as they complete the process.

This is an EXTREMELY SIMPLIFIED summary of this process. As you know, my goal is to convince you to use this. If you're into it, you can find oodles of resources online for how to implement SQ3R in your classroom.

What makes this good for you? What makes it easy? Let me tell you.

First, you are teaching your students note-taking. Note-taking is going the way of Elvis (if you believe he's dead) in some student populations, and they need to be able to annotate more complicated texts if they will ever achieve success in reading-heavy core courses (Social Studies, Science, etc).

Once they learn the SQ3R process, there's no reason for you to reserve it for printed texts only. You can use the same note-taking requirement for mini-lectures, the interpretation of artwork, the analysis of critical films. Not only does SQ3R teach discipline; it embeds a process into the child's mind that gives him a way to organize the information you are providing.

Second, this gives you an artifact that you can use to see students' thinking. Many children are nervous about voicing their thoughts in front of groups (because they might not organize information well enough in their minds to feel confident that those thoughts will be lucid when they come out). Instead of saying to Johnny, "Tell me what you think about Section A," after five minutes of reading, Johnny has now had time to read, write and think about what he might say. You can read what he thought during walk-around and privately correct wrong assumptions, but you can also more readily hear what he REALLY thought by having him share what he put in his notes.

Third, this is a great study tool. Students can use their SQ3R notes to prepare for exams. You can assign the process along with a small excerpt for homework to add depth to a concept you're teaching in class. Some teachers even allow students to use SQ3R notes on specially made exams that require references to texts.

Don't be put off by the volumes and volumes of documentation associated with the strategy; this could be good for you and your students. You will be able to trust them more readily with independent (or even group) reading when you know there is a tangible result of the effort, and you won't have to make a million copies of worksheets to guide the completion of the work.

You might even like this strategy for yourself, especially if you are pursuing an advanced degree while you're working full-time. Those graduate readings can be KILLER when you've got unit exams for the children on your mind. A little SQ3R might make those studies a little more manageable, and you might just take in a little less caffeine in the process.

Stickers and Yardsticks,

Ms. Moss

A Note to New Teachers

Hello new teachers. Welcome to the greatest profession of all time.

I know that you have already heard all the teacher jokes and discouragements you need to hear to last a lifetime. Two of my personal favorites are: "Those who can't do, teach" and "Teachers are like government slaves." If you haven't heard either of these two statements yet, you will.

You might even hear it from a student.

However, we're not here to talk about that right now. We're here to talk about you. Let's cover some of the basics.

As a new teacher, you're a bit mortified. If you're not, you should be; and if you are particularly the soldierly type, the type that fears nothing at all, you are especially in danger. Teaching is an Atlas-esque job. The moment you step into that classroom, the weight of these kids' worlds is on your shoulders. If they leave you worse off than they were when they came to you, you are responsible for that.

A bit of good news is this. If they leave you better off than they were when they came, you're responsible for that too. No one may ever say that to you directly, but it is still a logical and statistical truth. Good teachers are a major deciding factor in whether or not a student achieves success in elementary school, whether or not a child survives the emotional highs and lows of middle school, whether or not a budding adult graduates from high school.

Of this you should be proud. This is the legacy of great instructors that stretches all the way back to the beginning of communication between primitive peoples.

Now, if you are going to survive such a weighty undertaking, there are a few things you should know before you engage and overextend yourself.

A) You musn't be offended by the REAL NEGATIVE ELEMENTS of our profession. When veteran teachers whisper the dirty dozens to you about waves of teaching mantra, administrative evil doings and social promotion, you need to listen. This is not an old person trying to kill your spirited excitement.

This is a seasoned person trying to teach you temperance.

Teaching is so filled with highs and lows that if you go in with a lofty idea of how much of the world you are going to change each day, you're going to burn out before the year is over. Rather, you must be prepared for great home runs and embarrassing strike outs with an understanding that there are real forces working against you. Not everyone agrees on what those forces are, but they are there.

B) The "A" concept is not me saying, "Sit down in the teacher's lounge and gossip about how much you hate your homeroom," because the "B" concept is NEVER, EVER gossip about your job. Just don't do it. Don't gossip to your colleagues, your mentor, your husband, your friends or your blog readers about your job.

You might be asking yourself, "Am I supposed to just keep all of my frustrations to myself?" The answer to that is no. You should talk to others about your struggles as you grow as a teacher, but there is a BIG DIFFERENCE between "Let me tell you how I screwed up this discipline issue today" and "Let me tell you about this brat that got my temper up today."

If there are other "professionals" asking you to divulge students' personal information for the sake of building an arsenal against what they call "forever troublesome kids," you've got the wrong support group. You need people you can talk to who are going to fortify you against the sticky situations that WILL arise when you find yourself dealing with a difficult student. You need wise advise about how to de-escalate children who are enraged because of home issues, antsy because of Attention Deficit Disorder, afraid of school because of teachers who have turned them against school as an institution.

You don't need gossips who don't expect you to last the year anyway. (You're on their list too.)

C) You are not a dumping ground. DO NOT take on every school club that needs an advisor to get in good with the administrators. Ambition is beautiful, and it is good to show your commitment to children and their development by being a club sponsor. However, there's a very good chance that your health insurance will not cover every cent of a coronary if you almost drop dead after working so many extra hours at your school. If you feel like you can handle your early years (teaching years 1-3) with the additional responsibility of a club, take on one club, something you can enjoy.

Do not take on the club that takes trips every week, or the one that keeps you out late every night, or the club that absorbs all of your weekends. That's like asking a six year old to bench press 300 pounds. I love your drive, but I also appreciate your worth. As a new teacher, you need some time to adjust to a marking schedule, a planning schedule, a testing schedule, a meeting schedule that can easily intrude upon your personal life. Let's not make things too crowded before you get used to controlling those always changing demands. Which leads to D...

D) Go home. Go home, and don't take your papers. This recommendation is EXTREMELY unpopular with many new teachers who find it hard to mark during their planning time (or hard to mark period). Yet, I present to you that there are many veteran teachers who are single or divorced or sickly because they refused to practice the habit of leaving school at school.

You might as well start now. Ask for mentorship with regard to the kinds of assignments that need level one, level two and level three grading, and if you have no idea what that means, ask that too. Your formative and summative assessment of your students must never zap you of all the energy you need to teach, teach and return to teach again. If you dry up because of marking overload, you cannot be a good teacher.

These first four recommendations are enough to kick and scream about already, I know, and this post is already quite long. So I will stop here.

I invite new teachers (years 1-3) and veterans to weigh in on these ideas and make other suggestions that could help our young colleagues stay with us and retire from (instead of running from) this great responsibility that we call teaching.

Don't be shy. You could be the reason a teacher comes back to school next year!!!

Pencils and Pocketwatches,

Ms. Moss

Welcome to "I Want to Convince You"

"I Want to Convince You" is a blog for tired teachers; young and old, experienced and inexperienced, homeschool and traditional school teachers.

Non-teacher observers do not often understand that just ONE year of tumult in the public or private classroom can bring with it a slew of legislative, administrative and instructional changes according to the needs of a constantly evolving student population. We (the teachers) are so bombarded by this and that new strategy, program, recommendation, that the innovation in us (which powers on the light bulb you see over students' heads in the graphics and cartoons) just burns out.

We (the teachers) hardly ever have time to sit down and enjoy full-length texts on the latest research in our field, and we are often annoyed by after-school training sessions that cancel tutoring appointments, parent meetings or wind-down times we set to keep us sane in such a demanding profession.

Thus, I have created this blog as a service to all of us. I have challenged myself to plant my roots further into the soils of education that I love most, the instructional elements that will provide remedial opportunities for students who perform "below standard" or "below grade level."

Rest assured, if you are a teacher of honor students, advanced placement courses or college classes, you can gain some insight here as well. I'm just going to tell you what I believe you might enjoy about certain research-based strategies, and it won't take me two hours to do it. Then, you feel free to try out some of these strategies or continue doing what you were doing all along.

Just give me five or six minutes of your time. Give me the opportunity to attempt to convince you to try something that might not be so new after all. ;)